HVAC: Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb, Second Edition
by: Arthur A. Bell Jr
Abstract: Fast solutions to specific problems HVAC personnel face every day. Written by a veteran HVAC designer, this task simplifying guide puts essential HVAC answers at your fingertips. Featuring 200-plus equations, completely updated codes and standards, more than 350 rules of thumb, and other essential data, this is the most complete HVAC reference available.
Full details
Table of Contents
- A. About the Author
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Definitions
- 3. Equations
- 4. Conversion Factors
- 5. Cooling Load Rules of Thumb
- 6. Heating Load Rules of Thumb
- 7. Infiltration Rules of Thumb
- 8. Ventilation Rules of Thumb
- 9. Humidification Rules of Thumb
- 10. People/ Occupancy Rules of Thumb
- 11. Lighting Rules of Thumb
- 12. Appliance/ Equipment Rules of Thumb
- 13. Cooling Load Factors
- 14. Heating Load Factors
- 15. Design Conditions and Energy Conservation
- 16. HVAC System Selection Criteria
- 17. Air Distribution Systems
- 18. Piping Systems, General
- 19. Hydronic (Water) Piping Systems
- 20. Glycol Piping Systems
- 21. Steam Piping Systems
- 22. Steam Piping Systems: Steam System Design
- 23. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Tables
- 24. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Flow through Orifices
- 25. Steam Piping Systems: Flash Steam
- 26. Steam Piping Systems: Warm-up Loads
- 27. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Operating Loads
- 28. Steam Piping Systems: Boiling Points of Water
- 29. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Heating Units of Measure
- 30. Steam Piping Systems: Low Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (15 psig and Less)
- 31. Steam Piping Systems: Medium Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (20–100 psig)
- 32. Steam Piping Systems: High Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (120–300 psig)
- 33. Steam Condensate Piping Systems
- 34. AC Condensate Piping
- 35. Refrigerant Piping Systems
- 36. Air Handling Units
- 37. Fans
- 38. Pumps
- 39. Chillers
- 40. Cooling Towers and Condenser
- 41. Heat Exchangers
- 42. Boilers
- 43. Motors and Motor Controllers
- 44. Humidifiers
- 45. Filters
- 46. Insulation
- 47. Fire-Stopping and Through-Penetration Systems
- 48. Makeup Water
- 49. Water Treatment and Chemical Feed Systems
- 50. Automatic Controls Building Automation Systems
- 51. Equipment Schedules
- 52. Equipment Manufacturers
- 53. Building Construction Business Fundamentals
- 54. Architectural, Structural, and Electrical Information
- 55. Properties of Air
- 56. Properties of Water
- 57. Cleanroom Criteria
- 58. Wind Chill and Heat Index
- 59. Miscellaneous
- 60. General Notes
- 61. Designer’s Checklist
- 62. Professional Societies and Trade Organizations
- 63. References and Design Manuals
Tools & Media
Expanded Table of Contents
- A. About the Author
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Definitions
- 3. Equations
- Airside System Equations and Derivations
- Waterside System Equations and Derivations
- Air Change Rate Equations
- English/Metric Airside System Equations Comparison
- English/Metric Waterside System Equation Comparison
- English/Metric Air Change Rate Equation Comparison
- English/Metric Temperature and Other Conversions
- Steam and Condensate Equations
- Building Envelope Heating Equation and R-Values/U-Values
- Fan Laws
- Pump L.ws
- Pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)Calculations
- Mixed Air Temperature
- Psychrometric Equations
- Ductwork Equations
- Equations for Flat Oval Ductwork
- Steel Pipe Equations
- Steam and Steam Condensate Pipe Sizing Equations
- Air Conditioning Condensate
- Humidification
- Humidifier Sensible Heat Gain
- Expansion Tanks
- Air Balance Equations
- Efficiencies
- Cooling Towers and Heat Exchangers
- Cooling Tower/Evaporative Cooler Blowdown Equations
- Electricity
- Moisture Condensation on Glass
- Calculating Heating Loads for Loading Docks, Heavily Used Vestibules and Similar Spaces
- Ventilation of Mechanical Rooms with Refrigeration Equipment
- Pipe Expansion Equations
- Relief Valve Vent Line Maximum Length
- Relief Valve Sizing
- Motor Drive Formulas
- Domestic Water Heater Sizing
- Domestic Hot Water Recirculation Pump/Supply Sizing
- Swimming Pools
- 4. Conversion Factors
- 5. Cooling Load Rules of Thumb
- Offices, Commercial
- Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls
- Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices
- Precision Manufacturing
- Computer Rooms
- Restaurants
- Kitchens (Depends Primarily on Kitchen Equipment)
- Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs
- Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms
- Buildings w/100 percent OA Systems (e.g., Laboratories, Hospitals)
- Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices
- Residential
- Apartments (Eff., One-Room, Two-Room)
- Motel and Hotel Public Spaces
- Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories
- School Classrooms
- Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes
- Libraries, Museums
- Retail, Department Stores
- Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops
- Supermarkets
- Malls, Shopping Centers
- Jails
- Auditoriums, Theaters
- Churches
- Bowling Alleys
- All Spaces
- Cooling Load Calculation Procedure
- Cooling Load Peak Time Estimate (for Calculating Cooling Loads by Hand)
- 6. Heating Load Rules of Thumb
- All Buildings and Spaces
- Buildings w/100-Percent OA Systems (i.e., Laboratories, Hospitals)
- Buildings w/Ample Insulation, Few Windows
- Buildings w/Limited Insulation, Many Windows
- Walls Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outsid Air Design Condition)
- Floors Below Grade (Heat Loss at Outside Air Design Condition)
- Heating System Selection Guidelines
- Heating Load Calculation Procedure
- 7. Infiltration Rules of Thumb
- 8. Ventilation Rules of Thumb
- 9. Humidification Rules of Thumb
- 10. People/ Occupancy Rules of Thumb
- Offices, Commercial
- Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls
- Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices
- Precision Manufacturing
- Computer Rooms
- Restaurants
- Kitchens
- Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs
- Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms
- Hospital General Areas
- Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices
- Residential
- Apartments (Eff., One-Room, Two-Room)
- Motel and Hotel Public Spaces
- Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories
- School Classrooms
- Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes
- Libraries, Museums
- Retail, Department Stores
- Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops
- Supermarkets
- Malls, Shopping Centers
- Jails
- Auditoriums, Theaters
- Churches
- Bowling Alleys
- 2003 IMC, 2006 IMC, and ASHRAE Standard 62-2001
- ASHRAE Standard 62-2004
- 11. Lighting Rules of Thumb
- Offices, Commercial
- Banks, Court Houses, Municipal Buildings, Town Halls
- Police Stations, Fire Stations, Post Offices
- Precision Manufacturing
- Computer Rooms
- Restaurants
- Kitchens
- Cocktail Lounges, Bars, Taverns, Clubhouses, Nightclubs
- Hospital Patient Rooms, Nursing Home Patient Rooms
- Hospital General Areas
- Medical/Dental Centers, Clinics, and Offices
- Residential
- Apartments (Eff., One-Room, Two-Room)
- Motel and Hotel Public Spaces
- Motel and Hotel Guest Rooms, Dormitories
- School Classrooms
- Dining Halls, Lunch Rooms, Cafeterias, Luncheonettes
- Libraries, Museums
- Retail, Department Stores
- Drug, Shoe, Dress, Jewelry, Beauty, Barber, and Other Shops
- Supermarkets
- Malls, Shopping Centers
- Jails
- Auditoriums, Theaters
- Churches
- Bowling Alleys
- Code Lighting Power Level Requirements—Building Area Method
- Code Lighting Power Level Requirements—Space-by-Space Method
- 12. Appliance/ Equipment Rules of Thumb
- 13. Cooling Load Factors
- 14. Heating Load Factors
- 15. Design Conditions and Energy Conservation
- 16. HVAC System Selection Criteria
- 17. Air Distribution Systems
- Ductwork Systems
- Duct Construction
- Kitchen Exhaust Ducts and Hoods
- Louvers
- Volume Dampers (Manual or Balancing Dampers)/ Motor Operated Dampers (Control Dampers)
- Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers, and Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers
- HVAC Smoke Detection Systems Control
- Sound Attenuators
- Terminal Units
- Process Exhaust Systems
- Hazardous Exhaust Systems
- Galvanized Rectangular Ductwork Weights––Pound per Lineal Foot
- Galvanized Round Ductwork Weights—Pound per Lineal Foot
- Galvanized Flat Oval Ductwork Weights-Pounds per Lineal Foot
- Ductwork Cost Ratios
- Friction Loss Correction Factors for Ducts
- Velocity Pressures
- Equivalent Round/Rectangular Ducts
- 18. Piping Systems, General
- 19. Hydronic (Water) Piping Systems
- Hydronic Pipe Sizing
- Friction Loss Estimate
- Pipe Testing
- Hydronic System Pipe Sizing Tables
- Hydronic System Designs and Terminology
- Hydronic System Design and Piping Installation Guidelines
- Chilled Water Systems
- Low-Temperature Chilled Water Systems (Glycol or Ice Water Systems)
- Heating Water Systems General
- Low-Temperature Heating Water Systems
- Medium-and High-Temperature Heating Water Systems
- Boiler Warming Techniques
- Dual Temperature Water Systems
- Condenser Water Systems
- Water Source Heat Pump Loop
- Hydronic System Equation Factors
- Hydronic System Design Temperatures and Pressures
- Piping Materials
- Expansion Tanks and Air Separators
- 20. Glycol Piping Systems
- 21. Steam Piping Systems
- 22. Steam Piping Systems: Steam System Design
- 23. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Tables
- 24. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Flow through Orifices
- 25. Steam Piping Systems: Flash Steam
- 26. Steam Piping Systems: Warm-up Loads
- 27. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Operating Loads
- 28. Steam Piping Systems: Boiling Points of Water
- 29. Steam Piping Systems: Steam Heating Units of Measure
- 30. Steam Piping Systems: Low Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (15 psig and Less)
- 31. Steam Piping Systems: Medium Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (20–100 psig)
- 32. Steam Piping Systems: High Pressure Steam Pipe Sizing Tables (120–300 psig)
- 33. Steam Condensate Piping Systems
- 34. AC Condensate Piping
- 35. Refrigerant Piping Systems
- 36. Air Handling Units
- 37. Fans
- Fans Types and Size Ranges
- Fan Construction Classes
- Fan Selection Criteria
- Fan Terms
- AMCA Spark Resistant Construction
- Centrifugal Fans
- Axial Fans
- Installation and Clearance Requirements
- Fan Rotation and Discharge Positions
- Fan Motor Positions
- Fan Drive Arrangements
- Centrifugal Fan Inlet Box Positions
- Centrifugal Fan Damper Arrangements for Reversible Flow
- 38. Pumps
- 39. Chillers
- Chiller Types and Manufacturer Offerings
- Chiller Motor Types
- Code Required Chiller Efficiencies
- Chiller Terms
- Basic Refrigeration Cycle Terminology
- Chiller Energy Saving Techniques
- Cooler (Evaporator) / Chilled-Water System
- Condenser / Condenser Water Systems
- Chilled Water Storage Systems
- Ice Storage Systems
- Water-Cooled Condensers
- Refrigerant Estimate–Split Systems
- Chilled Water System Makeup Connection
- Chiller Operating Sequence
- Chiller Design, Layout, and Clearance Requirements/Considerations
- 40. Cooling Towers and Condenser
- Cooling Tower Types (CTs)
- Definitions
- Condenser Water
- Power
- TONS COND
- Condenser Water Makeup to Cooling Tower
- Cooling Tower Drains
- Cycles of Concentration
- Evaporation
- Drift
- Blowdown or Bleed (Based on 108F Range)
- Installation Location
- Air Cooled Condensers and Condensing Units (ACCs and ACCUs)
- Evaporative Condensers and Condensing Units (ECs and ECUs)
- Installation of CTs, ACCs, ACCUs, ECs, and ECUs
- 41. Heat Exchangers
- 42. Boilers
- 43. Motors and Motor Controllers
- 44. Humidifiers
- 45. Filters
- 46. Insulation
- 47. Fire-Stopping and Through-Penetration Systems
- 48. Makeup Water
- 49. Water Treatment and Chemical Feed Systems
- 50. Automatic Controls Building Automation Systems
- 51. Equipment Schedules
- General
- Air Balance Schedule
- Air Compressors
- Air-Cooled Condensers
- Air-Coofed Condensing Units
- Air Conditioning Units
- Air Filtres (Pr-Filters, Filters, Final-Filters)
- Air Handling Unit–Custom, Factory Assembled Factory Packaged, or Field Fabricated
- Air Handling Units-Packaged, Central Station
- Boilers, Hot Water
- Boilers, Steam
- Cabinet Unit Heaters
- Chemical Feed System
- Chillers, Absorption
- Chillers, Air Cooled
- Chillers, Water Cooled
- Coils, Direct Expansion (DX)
- Coils, Electric
- Coils, Steam
- Coils, Water
- Condensate Pump and Receiver Sets
- Convectors
- Cooling Towers
- Deaerators
- Design Conditions–Airside
- Design Conditions-Waterside
- Electric Baseboard Radiation
- Electric Radiant Heaters
- Evaporative Condensers
- Expansion Tanks
- Fans (Supply, Return, Exhaust, Relief)
- Fan Coil Units
- Finned Tube Radiation
- Flash Tanks
- Fluid CircuitCoolers/Closed Circuit Evaporative Coolers
- Fuel Oil Tanks
- Gas Pressure Regulators
- Gravity Ventilaters
- Heat Exchangers, Plate and Frame, Steam to Water
- Heat Exchangers, Plate and Frame, Water to Water
- Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Stream to Water (Converter)
- Heat Exchangers, Shell and Tube, Water to Water
- Heat Pumps, Air Source
- Heat Pumps, Water Source
- Humidifiers
- Motor Control_Centere
- Packaged Terminal AC Systems
- Pumps
- Radiant Heaters
- Radiant Celling Panels
- Steam Pressure Reducing Valves
- Steam Pressure Relief Valve
- Sound Attenuators (Duct Silencers, Traps)
- Terminal Units, Constant Volume Rehead
- Terminal Units, Dual Duct Mixing Box
- Terminal Units, Fan Powered
- Terminal Units, Variable Air Volume (VAV)
- Unit Heaters
- Water Softners
- 52. Equipment Manufacturers
- General
- Section 230500-Common Work Results for HVAC
- Section 230513-Common Motor Requirements for Equipment
- Section 230516-Expansion Fittings and Loops for HVAC Piping
- Section 230519–Meters and Gages for HVAC Piping
- Section 230523—General-Duty for
- Section 230529—Hangers and Supports for HVAC Piping and Equipment
- Section 230533—Heat Tracing fo HVAC Pipingr
- Section 230548—Vibration and Seismic Controls for HVAC Piping and Equipment
- Section 230553—Identification for HVAC Piping and Equipment
- Section 230700—HVAC Insulation
- Section 230900—Instrumentation and Control for HVAC
- Section 231113—Facility Fuel-Oil Piping
- 41.14 Section 231123—Facility Natural-Gas Piping
- Section 231126—Facility Liquefied-Petroleum Gas Piping
- Section 232113—Hydronic Piping
- Section 232123—Hydronic Pumps
- Section 232213—Steam and Condensate Heating Piping
- Section 232223—Steam Condensate Pumps
- Section 232300—Refrigerant Piping
- Section 232500—HVAC Water Treatment
- Section 233113—Metal Ducts
- Section 233116—Nonmetal Ducts
- Section 233119—HVAC Casings
- Section 233300—Air Duct Accessories
- Section 233413—Axial HVAC Fans
- Section 233416—Centrifugal HVAC Fans
- Section 233423—HVAC Power Ventilators
- Section 233433—Air Curtains
- Section 233600—Air Terminal Units
- Section 233713—Diffusers, Registers, and Grilles
- Section 233723—HVAC Gravity Ventilators
- Section 233813—Commercial-Kitchen Hoods
- Section 234100—Particulate Air Filtration
- Section 235100—Breechings, Chimneys, and Stacks
- Section 235113—Draft Control Devices
- Section 235213—Electric Boilers
- Section 235216—Condensing Boilers
- Section 235223—Cast-Iron Boilers
- Section 235233—Water-Tube Boilers
- Section 235239—Fire-Tube Boilers
- Section 235313—Boiler Feedwater Pumps
- Section 235316—Deaerators and Feedwater Heaters
- Section 235400—Furnaces
- Section 235513—Fuel-Fired Duct Heaters
- Section 235523—Gas-Fired Radiant Heaters
- Section 235533—Fuel-Fired Unit Heaters
- Section 235700—Heat Exchangers for HVAC
- Section 236200—Packaged Compressor and Condenser Units
- Section 236313—Air-Cooled Refrigerant Condensers
- Section 236333—Evaporative Refrigerant Condensers
- Section 236413.13—Direct-Fired Absorption Water Chillers
- Section 236413.16—Indirect-Fired Absorption Water Chillers
- Section 236416—Centrifugal Water Chillers
- Section 236419—Reciprocating Water Chillers
- Section 236423—Scroll Water Chillers
- Section 236426—Rotary-Screw Water Chillers
- Section 236427—Medical, Laboratory, and Process Chillers
- Section 236500—Cooling Towers
- Section 237200—Air-To-Air Energy Recovery Equipment
- Section 237313—Modular Indoor Central Station Air Handling Units
- Section 237314—Custom Indoor Air Handling Units
- Section 237333—Indoor Indirect-Fuel-Fired Heating and Ventilating Units
- Section 237339—Indoor, Direct Gas-Fired Heating and Ventilating Units
- Section 237413—Packaged, Outdoor, Central-Station Air-Handling Units
- Section 237414—Custom Outdoor Air Handling Units
- Section 237433—Packaged, Outdoor, Heating and Cooling Makeup Air-Conditioners
- Section 238113—Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioners
- Section 238119—Self-Contained Air-Conditioners
- Section 238123—Computer-Room Air-Conditioners
- Section 238126—Split-System Air-Conditioners
- Section 238146—Water-Source Unitary Heat Pumps
- Section 238213—Valance Heating and Cooling Units
- Section 238216—Air Coils
- Section 238219—Fan Coil Units
- Section 238223—Unit Ventilators
- Section 238233—Convectors
- Section 238239—Unit Heaters
- Section 238313—Radiant-Heating Electric Cables
- Section 238316—Radiant-Heating Hydronic Piping
- Section 238323—Radiant-Heating Electric Panels
- Section 238413—Humidifiers
- Section 238416—Dehumidifiers
- Section 262419—Motor-Control Centers
- Section 262816—Enclosed Switches and Circuit Breakers
- Section 262913—Enclosed Controllers
- Section 262923—Variable-Frequency Motor Controllers
- 53. Building Construction Business Fundamentals
- 54. Architectural, Structural, and Electrical Information
- 55. Properties of Air
- 56. Properties of Water
- 57. Cleanroom Criteria
- 58. Wind Chill and Heat Index
- 59. Miscellaneous
- 60. General Notes
- 61. Designer’s Checklist
- Boilers, Chillers, Cooling Towers, Heat Exchangers, and Other Central Plant Equipment
- Air Handling Equipment—Makeup, Recirculation, and General Air Handling Equipment
- Piping Systems—General
- Steam and Condensate Piping
- Low Temperature Hot Water and Dual Temperature Systems
- Chilled Water and Condenser Water Systems
- Air Systems
- Process Exhaust Systems
- Refrigeration
- Controls
- Sanitary and Storm Water Systems
- Domestic Water Systems
- Fire Protection
- Natural Gas Systems
- Fuel Oil Systems
- Laboratory and Medical Gas Systems
- General
- Architect and/or Owner Coordination
- Structural Engineer Coordination
- Electrical Engineer Coordination
- 62. Professional Societies and Trade Organizations
- 63. References and Design Manuals
Book Details
Title: HVAC: Equations, Data, and Rules of Thumb, Second Edition
Publisher: McGraw-Hill: New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto
Copyright / Pub. Date: 2008, 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ISBN: 9780071482424
Authors:
Arthur A. Bell Jr is the author of this McGraw-Hill Professional publication.
Description: Fast solutions to specific problems HVAC personnel face every day. Written by a veteran HVAC designer, this task simplifying guide puts essential HVAC answers at your fingertips. Featuring 200-plus equations, completely updated codes and standards, more than 350 rules of thumb, and other essential data, this is the most complete HVAC reference available.
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