Industrial Refrigeration Handbook
by: Wilbert F. Stoecker
Abstract: Drawing from the best of the widely dispersed literature in the field and the author’s vast professional knowledge and experience, here is today’s most exhaustive, one-stop coverage of the fundamentals, design, installation, and operation of industrial refrigeration systems. Detailing the industry changes caused by the conversion from CFCs to non-ozone-depleting refrigerants and by the development of microprocessors and new secondary coolants, Industrial Refrigeration Handbook also examines multistage systems; compressors, evaporators, and condensers; piping, vessels, valves and refrigerant controls; liquid recirculation; refrigeration load calculations; refrigeration and freezing of food; and safety procedures. Offering a rare compilation of thermodynamic data on the most-used industrial refrigerants, the Handbook is a mother lode of vital information and guidance for every practitioner in the field.
Full details
Table of Contents
- A. Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest
- B. PREFACE
- 1. THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
- 2. REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES, REFRIGERATION CYCLES AND SI UNITS
- 3. MULTISTAGE SYSTEMS
- 4. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
- 5. SCREW COMPRESSORS
- 6. EVAPORATORS—AIR COILS AND LIQUID CHILLERS
- 7. CONDENSERS
- 8. LIQUID RECIRCULATION
- 9. REFRIGERANT PIPING
- 10. VESSELS
- 11. VALVES AND REFRIGERANT CONTROLS
- 12. REFRIGERANTS
- 13. SAFETY
- 14. ELECTRICAL CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
- 15. LUBRICATION AND OIL HANDLING
- 16. CONSERVATION, RECLAIM, AND STORAGE OF ENERGY
- 17. THE REFRIGERATION AND FREEZING OF FOOD
- 18. REFRIGERATION LOAD CALCULATIONS
- 19. REFRIGERATED STRUCTURES
- 20. SECONDARY COOLANTS—BRINES AND ANTIFREEZES
- A. REFRIGERATION BELOW −40 DEGREES
- A. APPENDIX
Tools & Media
Expanded Table of Contents
-
A.
Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest
-
B.
PREFACE
-
1.
THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
- INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION AS DISTINGUISHED FROM COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING
- WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION?
- REFRIGERATED STORAGE OF UNFROZEN FOODS
- FROZEN FOOD
- REFRIGERATION IN FOOD PROCESSING
- FREEZE DRYING
- INDUSTRIAL AIR CONDITIONING
- REFRIGERATION IN MANUFACTURING PLANTS
- REFRIGERATION IN CONSTRUCTION
- ICE RINKS AND FACILITIES FOR OTHER WINTER SPORTS
- REFRIGERATION IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
-
2.
REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES, REFRIGERATION CYCLES AND SI UNITS
- USING SI UNITS
- SOME BASE AND DERIVED SI UNITS
- CONVERSION BETWEEN SI AND I-P UNITS
- CONVERSIONS OF TEMPERATURE, ENTHALPY, AND ENTROPY
- SOME IMPORTANT SI CONSTANTS
- REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES
- TWO KINDS OF PRESSURE: GAUGE AND ABSOLUTE
- SATURATION TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES
- DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME
- ENTHALPY
- SUPERHEATED VAPOR AND SUBCOOLED LIQUID
- THE PRESSURE-ENTHALPY DIAGRAM
- SATURATED LIQUID AND VAPOR LINES
- LINES OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
- SPECIFIC VOLUME
- ENTROPY
- THE IDEAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE-THE CARNOT CYCLE
- ACHIEVING THE CARNOT CYCLE WITH A REAL REFRIGERANT
- EFFICIENCY OF A REFRIGERATION CYCLE—THE COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
- CONDITIONS FOR HIGH COP OF THE CARNOT CYCLE
- STEADY-FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
- STATE OF REFRIGERANT EXPRESSED BY QUALITY
- ANALYSIS OF A CARNOT CYCLE USING REFRIGERANT ENTHALPIES
- REFRIGERATION CAPACITY EXPRESSED IN I-P UNITS—TONS OF REFRIGERATION
- DRY VERSUS WET COMPRESSION
- THROTTLING VALVE VERSUS AN EXPANSION ENGINE
- THE STANDARD VAPOR-COMPRESSION CYCLE
- HORSEPOWER PER TON
- VARIATIONS IN THE STANDARD VAPOR-COMPRESSION CYCLE
- USEFULNESS OF THE THERMODYNAMIC FOUNDATION
-
3.
MULTISTAGE SYSTEMS
- MULTISTAGE COMPRESSION IN INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
- LOSSES IN THE EXPANSION VALVE PROCESS
- FLASH-GAS REMOVAL
- LIQUID SUBCOOLING
- INTERSTAGE DESUPERHEATING—INTERCOOLING
- ANALYSIS OF THE INTERCOOLING PROCESS
- INTERCOOLING IN AN OIL-COOLED SCREW COMPRESSOR
- TWO EVAPORATOR-TEMPERATURE LEVELS AND ONE COMPRESSOR
- STANDARD TWO-STAGE SYSTEM WITH ONE EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE
- REFRIGERANT FLOWS IN A FLASH TANK/INTERCOOLER
- OPTIMUM INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE
- TWO-STAGE COMPRESSION WITH TWO TEMPERATURE LEVELS OF EVAPORATION
- SHORTCUTS IN MULTISTAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CALCULATIONS
- COMPRESSOR SELECTION AND CONTROL
- SIDE PORT OF A SCREW COMPRESSOR FOR LIQUID SUBCOOLING
- DECIDING BETWEEN SINGLE-AND TWO-STAGE COMPRESSION
- GROUNDWORK NOW LAID
-
4.
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
- TYPES OF COMPRESSORS
- THE ROLE OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
- AN OVERVIEW OF THE PERFORMANCE OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
- EFFECT OF THE EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE ON VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
- INFLUENCE OF EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE ON REFRIGERATING CAPACITY.
- INFLUENCE OF CONDENSING TEMPERATURE ON REFRIGERATING CAPACITY
- POWER REQUIRED BY A RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
- ADIABATIC COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY
- EFFECT OF EVAPORATING AND CONDENSING TEMPERATURES ON SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
- EFFECT OF LIQUID SUBCOOLING ON CATALOG RATINGS
- EFFECT OF SUPERHEATING OF SUCTION VAPOR ON CATALOG RATINGS
- PRESSURE DROP BETWEEN EVAPORATOR AND COMPRESSOR
- CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
- MAXIMUM PRESSURE RATIOS AND PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS
- DISCHARGE TEMPERATURES AND WATER-COOLED HEADS
- LUBRICATION AND OIL COOLING
- COMPRESSOR SPEED
- CAPACITY REGULATION
-
5.
SCREW COMPRESSORS
- TYPES OF SCREW COMPRESSORS
- HOW THE SCREW COMPRESSOR WORKS
- PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A BASIC SCREW COMPRESSOR
- ADIABATIC COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY OF A SCREW COMPRESSOR
- EFFECT OF EVAPORATING AND CONDENSING TEMPERATURES ON REFRIGERATING CAPACITY
- PRESSURE DROP BETWEEN EVAPORATOR AND COMPRESSOR.
- CATALOG SPECIFICATIONS OF LIQUID SUBCOOLING AND SUCTION SUPERHEATING
- CAPACITY CONTROL AND PART-LOAD PERFORMANCE
- VARIABLE-SPEED DRIVE OF SCREW COMPRESSOR
- VARIABLE VOLUME RATIO COMPRESSORS
- OIL INJECTION AND SEPARATION
- OIL COOLING METHODS
- OIL COOLING BY REFRIGERANT INJECTION
- OIL COOLING WITH A THERMOSYPHON HEAT EXCHANGER
- ECONOMIZER CIRCUIT USING A SIDE PORT
- THE SCREW COMPRESSOR AS THE LOW-STAGE COMPRESSOR
- VIBRATION AND NOISE
- SCREW COMPRESSOR PACKAGES
- MOTOR SELECTION
- THE PLACE OF THE SCREW COMPRESSOR IN THE MARKET
- MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE OF SCREW COMPRESSORS
- SINGLE-SCREW COMPRESSORS
- 6. EVAPORATORS—AIR COILS AND LIQUID CHILLERS
-
7.
CONDENSERS
- TYPES OF CONDENSERS USED IN INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
- THE CONDENSING PROCESS
- CONDENSATION INSIDE TUBES
- HEAT-REJECTION RATIO
- PERFORMANCE OF AIR AND WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS
- COOLING TOWERS
- EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS
- NOMINAL SIZES AND RATES FOR EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS
- COMPARISON OF EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER WITH THE WATER-COOLED CONDENSER AND COOLING TOWER COMBINATION
- INFLUENCE OF WET-BULB TEMPERATURE ON EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER CAPACITY
- CATALOG SELECTION—TWO METHODS
- CAPACITY CONTROL
- CAPACITY CONTROL—VARYING THE FLOW RATE OF SPRAY WATER
- CAPACITY CONTROL—VARYING THE AIR FLOW RATE
- JUDICIOUS REDUCTIONS IN AIR-FLOW RATE
- SUBCOOLING THE REFRIGERANT IN THE CONDENSER
- POSITIONING THE CONDENSER
- WINTER OPERATION OF EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS.
- PURGING THE CONDENSER OF AIR
- INTENTIONAL SUBCOOLING IN A CONDENSER
- PIPING OF HIGH-PRESSURE RECEIVERS
- DRAINING CONDENSATE—SINGLE CONDENSER
- PRESSURE PROFILES IN A CONDENSER
- DRAINING CONDENSATE—PARALLEL CONDENSERS
- DRAINING CONDENSATE—THERMOSYPHON OIL COOLING
- SIZE OF EQUALIZER LINES AND THERMOSYPHON VAPOR LINES
- SUPPLEMENTARY COOLING REQUIREMENTS PROVIDED BY EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS.
- WATER TREATMENT IN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS
- THE CONDENSER AS A PART OF THE SYSTEM
- REFERENCES
-
8.
LIQUID RECIRCULATION
- LIQUID RECIRCULATION AND LIQUID OVERFEED
- MECHANICAL PUMPING AND GAS PUMPING
- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIQUID RECIRCULATION
- CIRCULATION RATIO
- TOP FEED VERSUS BOTTOM FEED OF REFRIGERANT
- MECHANICAL PUMP SYSTEM
- POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- CENTRIFUGAL PUMP—OPEN TYPE
- NET-POSITIVE-SUCTION HEAD (NPSH).
- CENTRIFUGAL PUMP—HERMETIC
- PIPING FEATURES SURROUNDING THE PUMP.
- THE LIQUID DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND PUMP SELECTION
- PUMPING LIQUID REFRIGERANT WITH GAS PRESSURE—THE TWO-PUMPING VESSEL SYSTEM
- GAS PUMPING—THE CONTROLLED-PRESSURE RECEIVER
- ENERGY ANALYSIS OF GAS PUMPING
- RELATIVE MERITS OF GAS AND MECHANICAL PUMPING
- WHEN TO CHOOSE LIQUID RECIRCULATION
- REFERENCES
-
9.
REFRIGERANT PIPING
- SIZE AND CONFIGURATION OF PIPE
- CATEGORIES OF PIPING
- PRESSURE DROP OF FLUIDS FLOWING IN CIRCULAR PIPES
- PRESSURE-DROP DETERMINATIONS USING CHARTS
- OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE
- PRESSURE DROP IN FITTINGS
- DROP IN SATURATION TEMPERATURE AS SELECTION CRITERION
- SELECTING THE PIPE SIZE
- RISE IN ELEVATION OF LIQUID FLOWING IN A PIPE
- DOWNWARD SLOPING PIPE
- AVOIDING DRAINAGE TO COMPRESSORS AND TO EVAPORATORS
- LIQUID CONTENT IN HORIZONTAL LIQUID/VAPOR RETURN LINES
- SUCTION RISERS IN DIRECT-EXPANSION HALOCARBON SYSTEMS
- SIZING THE LIQUID/VAPOR RETURN LINE
- LIFTING LIQUID FROM THE EVAPORATOR IN VERTICAL RISERS
- PIPE SAFETY
- CHOICE OF MATERIALS FOR REFRIGERANT PIPING
- PIPE INSULATION
- PIPING IN PERSPECTIVE
- REFERENCES
-
10.
VESSELS
- VESSELS IN INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
- LEVELS IN LIQUID RESERVOIRS
- VOLUME OF LIQUID IN A PARTIALLY FILLED HORIZONTAL VESSEL
- LIQUID/VAPOR SEPARATION—VERTICAL VESSEL
- LIQUID/VAPOR SEPARATION—HORIZONTAL VESSEL
- HIGH-PRESSURE RECEIVER
- FLASH-TANK/DESUPERHEATERS
- LOW-PRESSURE RECEIVER
- SURGE DRUM FOR A FLOODED EVAPORATOR
- SUCTION-LINE ACCUMULATOR
- THERMOSYPHON RECEIVER
- OIL POTS
- SEPARATION ENHANCERS
- VESSEL SIZING IN PERSPECTIVE
- REFERENCES
-
11.
VALVES AND REFRIGERANT CONTROLS
- TYPES OF VALVES
- MANUAL SHUTOFF VALVES
- MANUAL EXPANSION OR BALANCING VALVES
- CHECK VALVES
- SOLENOID VALVES-DIRECT-ACTING
- SOLENOID VALVES—PILOT-OPERATED AND GAS-PRESSURE-OPERATED
- GAS-POWERED SUCTION STOP VALVES
- PRESSURE-REGULATING VALVES: DIRECT-ACTING, PILOT-OPERATED, AND EXTERNALLY COMPENSATED
- LIQUID LEVEL CONTROLS—HIGH- AND LOW-SIDE FLOAT VALVES
- LIQUID LEVEL CONTROLS—MECHANICAL AND FLOAT SWITCH
- LIQUID LEVEL CONTROLS—CAPACITANCE LEVEL SENSOR
- PROPER PLACEMENT OF THE FLOAT CHAMBER
- SUPERHEAT-CONTROLLED EXPANSION VALVES (THERMO OR TX VALVES)
- SUPERHEAT-CONTROLLED VALVES FOR INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION
- VALVE AND CONTROL SELECTION
- REFERENCES
-
12.
REFRIGERANTS
- CFCS AND THE UPHEAVAL IN THE REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY
- THE OZONE LAYER AND GLOBAL WARMING
- NUMERICAL DESIGNATIONS OF REFRIGERANTS
- REFRIGERANT BLENDS
- AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES
- SATURATION PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- LOW-TEMPERATURE HALOCARBON REFRIGERANTS
- CYCLE PERFORMANCE
- SAFETY OF REFRIGERANTS
- COMPATIBILITY WITH THE MATERIALS REFRIGERANTS CONTACT
- WHICH REFRIGERANTS WILL SERVE INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION IN THE FUTURE?
- AMMONIA VS. HCFC-22
- REFERENCES
-
13.
SAFETY
- SAFETY IS PARAMOUNT
- SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR AMMONIA PLANTS COMPARED TO THOSE USING HALOCARBONS
- OVERVIEW OF ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 15–94
- ADDITIONAL CODES
- VESSELS
- PIPING AND VALVES
- RELIEF DEVICES
- VENTILATION OF MACHINERY ROOMS
- FIRE PROTECTION IN REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES
- LEAK DETECTION AND AMMONIA SENSORS
- PERSONAL PROTECTION AGAINST AMMONIA
- DISCHARGE OF AMMONIA—DIRECTLY TO ATMOSPHERE
- DISCHARGE OF AMMONIA—ABSORPTION IN WATER
- DISCHARGE OF AMMONIA—FLARING
- LARGE RELEASES OF AMMONIA
- BEYOND THE CODES
- A PLANT SAFETY PLAN
- REFERENCES
-
14.
ELECTRICAL CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
- INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
- LADDER DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
- LADDER DIAGRAMS
- LADDER DIAGRAM FOR A SCREW COMPRESSOR
- IMPLEMENTING THE LADDER DIAGRAM
- INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING A REFRIGERATION PLANT
- THE RISE OF COMPUTER MONITORING AND CONTROL
- LEVELS OF UNDERSTANDING AND PERFORMANCE
- HOW A MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
- TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCERS
- PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
- STATUS INDICATORS
- FORMS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE COMPUTER AND SENSORS OR ACTUATORS
- DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
- PARALLEL COMMUNICATION—NUMBERS AND CHARACTERS
- SERIAL DATA TRANSMISSION, RS-232 AND RS-422
- MODEMS
- THE COMPUTER SYSTEM AS A COMMUNICATOR
- ACTUATORS
- PROPORTIONAL-INTEGRAL CONTROL MODE
- PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLERS
- REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS VS. BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
- POWER OUTAGES
- PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAMS
- REFERENCES
-
15.
LUBRICATION AND OIL HANDLING
- OIL IN THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
- SOME TYPES OF REFRIGERATION OIL
- SOME TERMS USED TO CHARACTERIZE OILS
- VISCOSITY
- SOLUBILITY OF REFRIGERANTS IN OILS
- SOLUBILITY OF R-22 IN MINERAL OILS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
- EFFECT OF OIL ON HEAT TRANSFER IN AMMONIA AND R-22 EVAPORATORS
- CONTAMINANTS IN OIL
- COALESCING OIL SEPARATORS
- REMOVING OIL FROM THE LOW SIDE OF THE AMMONIA SYSTEM
- REMOVING THE OIL FROM THE LOW SIDE OF A HALOCARBON SYSTEM
- OIL THAT IS SOLUBLE IN AMMONIA
- OIL FOR CFC AND HCFC ALTERNATIVES
- 16. CONSERVATION, RECLAIM, AND STORAGE OF ENERGY
-
17.
THE REFRIGERATION AND FREEZING OF FOOD
- WHAT THE REFRIGERATION ENGINEER NEEDS TO KNOW
- STORAGE TEMPERATURES RECOMMENDED FOR UNFROZEN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
- RELATIVE HUMIDITY
- COOLING RATES WITH FORCED AIR COOLING
- COOLING AND STORAGE OF UNFROZEN MEAT AND POULTRY
- REMOVAL OF FIELD HEAT FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BY HYDROCOOLING
- VACUUM COOLING
- REFRIGERATION OF UNFROZEN DAIRY PRODUCTS
- REFRIGERATION OF BAKERY PRODUCTS
- THE FREEZING PROCESS
- FREEZING EQUIPMENT
- STORAGE TEMPERATURES FOR FROZEN FOOD
- PRODUCT REFRIGERATION LOADS
- FREEZING RATES
- CRYOGENIC FREEZING
-
18.
REFRIGERATION LOAD CALCULATIONS
- MULTIPLE PURPOSES OF LOAD CALCULATIONS
- HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH SINGLE MATERIALS
- CONDUCTANCE
- CONVECTION AND THE CONVECTION COEFFICIENT
- THE RESISTANCE CONCEPT
- OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR WALLS, ROOFS, AND FLOORS.
- WALL AND ROOF PANELS
- DESIGN TEMPERATURES
- INFILTRATION THROUGH OPEN DOORWAYS
- INHIBITING INFILTRATION LOADS
- CALCULATING THE REFRIGERATION LOAD FOR DOCKS
- LOAD FROM LIGHTS, MOTORS, PEOPLE, AND OTHER INTERNAL LOADS
- DEFROST HEAT
- PRODUCT LOAD
- LOAD CALCULATIONS IN PERSPECTIVE
- 19. REFRIGERATED STRUCTURES
- 20. SECONDARY COOLANTS—BRINES AND ANTIFREEZES
-
A.
REFRIGERATION BELOW −40 DEGREES
- REFRIGERATION AT TEMPERATURES BELOW −40 DEGREES
- SOME APPLICATIONS OF LOW-TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATION
- SYSTEMS AND REFRIGERANTS
- MULTISTAGE SYSTEMS
- CASCADE SYSTEM
- FADE-OUT VESSEL
- CHOOSING THE TYPE OF EVAPORATOR
- AUTOCASCADE SYSTEMS
- HEAT-TRANSFER FLUIDS
- HE AT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
- OIL HANDLING
- INSULATION
- MATERIALS
- DOCUMENTING THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTING, AND OPERATING PROCEDURES
- A. APPENDIX
Book Details
Title: Industrial Refrigeration Handbook
Publisher: McGraw-Hill: New York, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Auckland, Bogota, Caracas, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, Montreal, New Delhi, San Juan, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto
Copyright / Pub. Date: 1998 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ISBN: 9780070616233
Authors:
Wilbert F. Stoecker
is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
and the author of McGraw-HillÕs Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, now in its second
edition. For 12 years, he has been a science adviser for the International Institute
of Ammonia Refrigeration as well as a member of its research committee. Mr. Stoecker
is also an associate director of the semiannual Industrial Refrigeration Workshop,
a week-long course in which he also serves as a presenter.
Description: Drawing from the best of the widely dispersed literature in the field and the author’s vast professional knowledge and experience, here is today’s most exhaustive, one-stop coverage of the fundamentals, design, installation, and operation of industrial refrigeration systems. Detailing the industry changes caused by the conversion from CFCs to non-ozone-depleting refrigerants and by the development of microprocessors and new secondary coolants, Industrial Refrigeration Handbook also examines multistage systems; compressors, evaporators, and condensers; piping, vessels, valves and refrigerant controls; liquid recirculation; refrigeration load calculations; refrigeration and freezing of food; and safety procedures. Offering a rare compilation of thermodynamic data on the most-used industrial refrigerants, the Handbook is a mother lode of vital information and guidance for every practitioner in the field.
