Optical Communications Rules of Thumb
by: John Lester Miller
Abstract: We are taking the unique “rules of thumb" format that drove the authors’ previous Photonics Rules of Thumb, and creating a new volume for the Optical telecommunications field. Rules of thumb are short-cuts, tricks, and methods that industry vets have developed through long years of trial and error. These books share such rules with less experienced readers, who find such information incredibly valuable.
Full details
Table of Contents
- A. Preface
- B. Acknowledgments
- C. Introduction
- 1. Cables and Conduits
- 2. Economic Considerations
- 3. Electronics and MEMS
- 4. Fiber Mechanical Considerations
- 5. Free-Space Optical Communications
- 6. Network Considerations
- 7. Network Elements
- 8. Noise
- 9. Optical Fibers
- 10. Optical Signal Degradation
- 11. Optics
- 12. Splicing and Connectors
- 13. Laser Transmitters
- 14. Wavelength Selection
- A. Useful Values and Conversions
- B. Glossary
- C. About the Authors
Tools & Media
Expanded Table of Contents
-
A.
Preface
-
B.
Acknowledgments
-
C.
Introduction
-
1.
Cables and Conduits
- INNER DUCTS
- CABLE-TO-DUCT RELATIONSHIPS
- COLORED RIBBON CABLES
- TEST CABLES AFTER SHIPPING
- END-OF-FIBER REFLECTIONS
- FIBER DENSITY
- GEOPHYSICS AND DUCTS
- CABLE DEFLECTION
- NONMETALLIC CABLE STRENGTH
- SWELLING RESULTING FROM CLEANING OF MATRIX MATERIALS
- OPTICAL TIME DELAY REFLECTOMETRY (OTDR)-BASED OPTICAL RETURN LOSS (ORL)
- OUTAGE RATES
- POSITION ACCURACY
- OTDR MEASUREMENTS IN SYSTEMS WITH OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
- OTDR SNRS
- THERMALLY INDUCED BUCKLING
- TEMPERATURE-INDUCED CABLE LOSS
- GROWTH IN UNDERSEA FIBER CAPACITY
- WIRES IN THE HOME
- CABLE SAG
- BRILLOUIN PHENOMENA
- MAXIMIZING FIBER COUNT IN A DUCT
- PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK (PON) COST
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2.
Economic Considerations
- COST IMPROVEMENT IN OPTICAL TELECOM
- COST OF A BIT
- COST OF DEPLOYING OPTICAL CABLE IN THE AIR
- COST OF DEPLOYING A FIBER CABLE UNDERGROUND
- COST OF LASER TRANSMITTERS
- COST OF A PHOTON
- DECLINING COSTS
- COST OF AN OUTAGE
- THE LEARNING CURVE
- LINK AND NODE COST IN A WAVELENGTH ROUTED OPTICAL NETWORK
- MOORE’S LAW
- NETWORK COST
- METCALFE’S LAW
- SAVINGS USING ALL-OPTICAL COMPONENTS
- TELCO HOTEL COSTS
- BANDWIDTH ELASTICITY
- THINK STANDARDIZATION
-
3.
Electronics and MEMS
- PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY YIELD
- FREQUENCY ROLL-OFF
- MAXIMUM PIEZORESISTIVE STRESS
- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TORTIONS
- MAGNETOSTRICTIVE EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
- MICRO-OPTICS CROSSTALK
- DEAL’S OXIDE GROWTH MODEL
- ARRHENIUS EQUATION APPLIED TO ELECTRONICS
- STONEY’S FORMULA FOR STRESS FROM A DEPOSITED FILM
- NTSC VIDEO
-
4.
Fiber Mechanical Considerations
- BENDING A FIBER
- CLEAVING FIBERS
- DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH LIGHTGUIDE COATINGS
- FIBER LIFETIME STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR
- FIBER STRENGTH TESTING
- FIBER STRENGTH
- MOISTURE DAMAGE TO MICRO-OPTICS
- STRENGTH OF FIBERS
- PACKAGING STRESS AND FIBER LENGTH
- TEMPERATURE CYCLING
- WAVELENGTH SHIFT DUE TO FIBER STRAIN AND STRESS
- FIBER STRESS DERATING
-
5.
Free-Space Optical Communications
- ESTIMATES
- ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION OR BEER’S LAW
- CROSS SECTION OF A RETRO-REFLECTOR
- FREE-SPACE LINK MARGINS
- GAUSSIAN BEAM SIZE
- LASER BEAM DIVERGENCE
- LASER BEAM SCINTILLATION
- LASER BEAM SPREAD
- LASER BEAM SPREAD COMPARED WITH DIFFRACTION
- LASER BEAM WANDER VARIANCE
- PEAK INTENSITY OF A BEAM WITH INTERVENING ATMOSPHERE
- OPTICAL PERFORMANCE OF A TELESCOPE
- POINTING OF A BEAM OF LIGHT
- SIGNAL-TO-NOISE REQUIREMENTS
-
6.
Network Considerations
- APPLICATION BANDWIDTH
- DATA TRAFFIC GROWTH
- DEFINITION OF AN ERLANG
- GROWTH FUNCTION
- LAW OF LOCALITY
- MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS
- MAXIMUM SPAN LENGTH
- CHANNEL POWER
- MESH REDUNDANCY
- NETWORK AVAILABILITY
- NETWORK FIBER LENGTH
- NETWORK GUIDELINES
- PACKET DELAY TIME
- COMPARISONS OF KAUTZ HYPERNET PERFORMANCE INDICES
- SHANNON’S THEOREM
- SNR AFTER N OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
- GUIDELINES FOR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE TOPOLOGY
- USEFUL TRAFFIC RELATIONSHIPS
- DESIGNING DWDM SYSTEMS
- WDM AND TDM
- SETTING BIT ERROR RATE
- A TERABIT IS A TERRIBLE THING TO WASTE
- USE FIBERS RATHER THAN COPPER FOR ENTERPRISE DISTRIBUTION
-
7.
Network Elements
- ONE THOUSAND PHOTONS
- ADD/DROP 25 PERCENT
- AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE PERFORMANCE
- AVOIDING PUMP LOSS
- COMPONENT RELIABILITY
- ELECTRICAL FREQUENCY BANDPASS FOR A SPECTROMETER
- KARTALOPOULOS’S ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EDFAS
- NUMBER OF ELEMENTS FOR BENES SWITCHES
- SWITCHING TIMES
- PHOTONS-TO-WATTS CONVERSION
- RECEIVER SPEED
- INCREASE POWER FOR RELATIVE INTENSITY NOISE
- RISE TIME
- SHOT NOISE RULE
- STERN AND BALA’S SWITCHING RULES
- TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF AN ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER
- RAMAN GAIN
- TEN-DEGREE DROP
- POLARIZATION OF ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS
- 980 VS. 1480
- ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER OUTPUT POWER
- RAMAN FIBER GAIN
- AMPLIFIER SPONTANEOUS EMISSION NOISE POWER
- NOISE BANDWIDTH OF DETECTORS
- RESPONSIVITY AND QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
-
8.
Noise
- HAVE AT LEAST 10 DB OF MARGIN
- PROBABILITY ERROR AND BER AS AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION OF Q
- CARRIER-TO-NOISE RATIO AS A FUNCTION OF MODULATION INDEX
- ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER SPONTANEOUS EMISSION NOISE FIGURE
- EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATING BER FROM OSNR
- GAIN FROM FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION
- NOISE DOMINATION
- NOISE ROOT SUM OF SQUARES
- OPTICAL SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
- PROBABILITY OF ERRORS AS A FUNCTION OF BER
- FIBER AMPLIFIER Q-FACTOR
- PEAK POWER IS TWICE
- RECEIVER SNR
-
9.
Optical Fibers
- NUMERICAL APERTURE
- DEPENDENCE OF NA ON FIBER LENGTH
- SPECTRAL ATTENUATION (FIBER ATTENUATION AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH )
- BENEFITS OF SMALL NUMERICAL APERTURE
- TRANSMITTED FIBER SPOT SIZE
- GOOD FIBER MODE VOLUME
- MODE FIELD RADIUS AND DIAMETER
- BANDWIDTH OF A MULTIMODE FIBER
- WAVEGUIDE RULES
- NUMERICAL APERTURE DETERMINES TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
- OPTICAL FIBER BANDPASSES
- SINGLE-MODE CONDITION RULES
- SIZING A FIBER
- NUMBER OF MODES IN A FIBER
- RADIATION DAMAGE
-
10.
Optical Signal Degradation
- NUMBER OF NEW WAVELENGTHS DUE TO FOUR-WAVE MIXING
- TYPICAL CHROMATIC DISPERSION
- ALLOWABLE CHROMATIC (OR WAVELENGTH) DISPERSION
- CHROMATIC DISPERSION OF MULTIMODE FIBERS
- SOME DISPERSION RULES
- CORRELATION WAVELENGTH FOR DIFFERENTIAL GROUP DELAY
- DISPERSION PENALTY
- FIBER DISPERSION PER UNIT LENGTH ESTIMATES
- EFFECTIVE INTERACTION LENGTH FOR NONLINEAR EFFECTS
- MAXIMUM BIT RATE VS. FIBER LENGTH DUE TO DISPERSION
- PMD AND DGD STATISTICS
- PROPOSED PMD COEFFICIENTS
- PULSE SPREADING PER KILOMETER
- POLARIZATION-MODE DISPERSION ROOT SUM SQUARED FOR NETWORK
- SECOND-ORDER POLARIZATION-MODE DISPERSION
- SOLITON CONDITIONS
- DGD SOLITON PULSE BROADENING
- TIMING JITTER
- TRANSMISSION DISTANCE CAN BE LIMITED BY CHROMATIC DISPERSION
- PROPAGATION CONSTANT IS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH
- MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL GROUP DELAY IS THREE TIMES THE MEAN
- CHROMATIC VS. ANOMALOUS DISPERSION
- DISPERSION LENGTH AND PULSE WIDTH
- UNEXPECTED GAIN FROM STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING
-
11.
Optics
- ALIGNMENT PROBLEMS
- ANTIREFLECTION COATING INDEX
- CLEANING OPTICS CAUTION
- THE “ETENDUE OR OPTICAL INVARIANT” RULE
- GAUSSIAN APPROXIMATION TO DIFFRACTION
- GAUSSIAN BEAM RADIUS RELATIONSHIPS
- HIGH NUMERICAL APERTURE SYSTEM DESIGN
- INDEX IMPACTS ON WAVEFRONT ERROR
- POLARIZER EFFICIENCY
- QUICK ESTIMATE OF DIFFRACTION
- WAVELENGTH-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERSION
- COATINGS AND POLARIZATION
- TOLERANCING OPTICS
- ALIGNMENT DIRECTION
- REFRACTIVE INDEX OF LITHIUM NIOBATE
- CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVE
- TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM
-
12.
Splicing and Connectors
- FIBER ADAPTER AND CONNECTOR CLEANING
- CONNECTION LOSS IS HIGHER AT SHORTER WAVELENGTHS
- CONNECTION BACK-REFLECTION
- COUPLER LOSS AS A FUNCTION OF GAP
- SPLICE LOSS
- MODE FIELD DIAMETER MISMATCH LOSS
- LOSS DUE TO ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT OF A SPLICE
- EXTINCTION RATIO DUE TO ROTATIONAL ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT OF A SPLICE
- SPLICE LOSS DUE TO LATERAL ALIGNMENT ERROR
- SPLICE LOSS IN DECIBELS
-
13.
Laser Transmitters
- ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATION FREQUENCY AND RISE TIME
- APERTURE SIZE FOR LASER BEAMS
- BEAM QUALITY
- CAVITY LENGTH AND MODULATION OF LASER OPERATING FREQUENCY
- A POWER INCREASE CAN HELP REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF CHROMATIC DISPERSION
- COUPLING OF LEDS
- EXTINCTION PENALTY
- TEN RULES OF EYE SAFETY
- LASER BANDWIDTH
- LASER BRIGHTNESS
- DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK LASER DRIFT
- LED VS. LASER RELIABILITY
- ON-AXIS INTENSITY OF A BEAM
- OUT-OF-PLANE BEAM
- LASER DIODE RELIABILITY AND OPERATING TEMPERATURE
- THERMAL CONTROL IN TRANSMITTERS
- FDBR SPECTRAL RESOLUTION
- SPECIFYING LASER TRANSMITTERS
- VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASER GAIN
- LASER LINEWIDTH MEASUREMENT
- SINGLE LONGITUDINAL MODE LINEWIDTH
- OPTICAL DECIBELS
-
14.
Wavelength Selection
- ACOUSTO-OPTIC TUNABLE FILTER BANDPASS
- ARRAYED-WAVEGUIDE GRATINGS
- ANTIRESONANT REFLECTING OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE ANTIRESONANCE THICKNESS
- ARRAYED-WAVEGUIDE GRATING STABILITY
- EXTRACTION ANGLE FOR BLAZED BRAGG GRATINGS
- BRAGG WAVELENGTH DEFINED
- DECAY OF BRAGG FILTER
- DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING DEVICES
- FABRY–PEROT ETALONS
- WAVELENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF STRAIN IN FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS
- FIBER BRAGG TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE
- FIBER GRATING CREATION
- GRATING BLOCKERS
- GRATING EFFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF ANGLE
- GRATING EFFICIENCY AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH
- GRATING GROOVE SIZE
- KARTALOPOULOS’ CHARACTERISTICS OF ARRAYED-WAVEGUIDE GRATINGS
- MACH–ZEHNDER OPTICAL CHANNEL SPACING
- PULSE BROADENING IN A FABRY–PEROT ETALON
- RESOLVING POWER OF A GRATING
- STABILIZING WAVELENGTH OF ARRAYED-WAVEGUIDE GRATING
- STRAIN IN FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS
-
A.
Useful Values and Conversions
-
B.
Glossary
-
C.
About the Authors
Book Details
Title: Optical Communications Rules of Thumb
Publisher: McGraw-Hill: New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto
Copyright / Pub. Date: 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ISBN: 9780071387781
Authors:
John Lester Miller is the author of this McGraw-Hill Professional publication.
Description: We are taking the unique “rules of thumb" format that drove the authors’ previous Photonics Rules of Thumb, and creating a new volume for the Optical telecommunications field. Rules of thumb are short-cuts, tricks, and methods that industry vets have developed through long years of trial and error. These books share such rules with less experienced readers, who find such information incredibly valuable.
