Photonics Rules of Thumb: Optics, Electro-Optics, Fiber Optics, and Lasers, Second Edition
by: Ed Friedman, John Lester Miller
Abstract: Quickly and easily estimate the impact of change with 300 proven photonics calculations! This book is updated with 100 completely new and improved rules and organized into 18 chapters that include lasers, detectors, optics of the atmosphere, and many more! Here is a handy compilation of 300 cost-saving, think-on-your-feet photonics rules of thumb designed to save you hours of design time and a world of frustration. Within seconds you can accurately gauge the impact of a suggested design change on your project. It is the premiere collection of these valuable rules in a single, quick look-up reference.These simple-to-implement calculations allow you to rapidly pinpoint trouble spots, ask the right questions at meetings, and are perfect for quick sanity checks of last-minute specifications or performance feature additions. Offering a convenient alphabetical arrangement according to specialty, this unique reference spans the entire spectrum of photonics, including: eighteen chapters covering optics, electro-optics, optics of the atmosphere, radiometry, technologies related to security and surveillance systems, lasers, and many others. If you want to develop a sense of what will work and what won’t and want the calculations to keep things real, "Photonics Rules of Thumb" belongs on your desk or in your pocket.
Full details
Table of Contents
- A. Acknowledgments
- B. Introduction
- 1. Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification
- 2. Astronomy
- 3. Atmospherics
- 4. Backgrounds
- 5. Cryogenics
- 6. Detectors
- 7. Displays
- 8. The Human Eye
- 9. Lasers
- 10. Material Properties
- 11. Miscellaneous
- 12. Ocean Optics
- 13. Optics
- 14. Radiometry
- 15. Shop Optics
- 16. Systems
- 17. Target Phenomenology
- A. Visible and Television Sensors
- A. Tables of Useful Values and Conversions
- B. Glossary
- C. About the Authors
Tools & Media
Expanded Table of Contents
-
A.
Acknowledgments
-
B.
Introduction
-
1.
Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification
- Acquisition, tracking, and pointing (ATP) naturally decomposes into detection, recognition, and identification (DRI); all are critical functions in a number of scientific, military, and commercial security systems. The ATP function is often used to refer to the servo system, including the gimbals, stabilization, and slewing functions, whereas DRI often refers to the ability of the complete system to present information to a user (human or machine) tasked with performing an intelligent detection, recognition, or identification function. Several recent developments have vastly increased this capability, including multispectral and hyperspectral imagery, image fusion, image enhancement, and automatic target detection algorithms.
- SNR REQUIREMENTS
- THE JOHNSON CRITERIA
- PROBABILITY OF DETECTION ESTIMATION
- CORRECTING FOR PROBABILITY OF CHANCE
- DETECTION CRITERIA
- ESTIMATING PROBABILITY CRITERIA FROM N 50
- GIMBAL TO SLEWED WEIGHT
- IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION IMPROVEMENT FOR INTERPOLATION
- RESOLUTION REQUIREMENT
- MTF SQUEEZE
- PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION
- RAYLEIGH CRITERION
- RESOLUTION REQUIRED TO READ A LETTER
- SUBPIXEL ACCURACY
- NATIONAL IMAGE INTERPRETABILITY RATING SCALE CRITERIA
-
2.
Astronomy
- ATMOSPHERIC “SEEING”
- BLACKBODY TEMPERATURE OF THE SUN
- DIRECT LUNAR RADIANCE
- NUMBER OF ACTUATORS IN AN ADAPTIVE OPTIC
- NUMBER OF INFRARED SOURCES PER SQUARE DEGREE
- NUMBER OF STARS AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH
- NUMBER OF STARS ABOVE A GIVEN IRRADIANCE
- PHOTON RATE AT A FOCAL PLANE
- REDUCTION OF MAGNITUDE BY AIRMASS
- A SIMPLE MODEL OF STELLAR POPULATIONS
-
3.
Atmospherics
- ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION OR BEER’S LAW
- IMPACT OF WEATHER ON VISIBILITY
- ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION AS A FUNCTION OF VISIBILITY
- BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENT FOR ADAPTIVE OPTICS
- ESTIMATES
- AS A FUNCTION OF WEATHER
- FREE-SPACE LINK MARGINS
- FRIED PARAMETER
- INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIR
- THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF WATER VAPOR
- PHASE ERROR ESTIMATION
- SHACK-HARTMANN NOISE
- VERTICAL PROFILES OF ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS
- VISIBILITY DISTANCE FOR RAYLEIGH AND MIE SCATTERING
-
4.
Backgrounds
- CLUTTER AND SIGNAL-TO-CLUTTER RATIO
- CLUTTER PSD FORM
- EARTH’S EMISSION AND REFLECTION
- EFFECTIVE SKY TEMPERATURE
- EMISSIVITY APPROXIMATIONS
- FRAME DIFFERENCING GAIN
- GENERAL INFRARED CLUTTER BEHAVIOR
- ILLUMINANCE CHANGES DURING TWILIGHT
- REFLECTIVITY OF A WET SURFACE
- SKY IRRADIANCE
- SPENCER’S SIGNAL-TO-CLUTTER RATIO AS A FUNCTION OF RESOLUTION
-
5.
Cryogenics
- Cryogenic engineering is important throughout the realm of electro-optics, as detectors, filters, and sometimes optics require cooling for high sensitivity—especially for infrared cameras and instruments. Therefore, it can be said that cryocooling is a key enabling technology for modern sensors. Many systems require some form of refrigeration to very low temperatures, at least for some components. Most commonly, the coldest part of the system, other than the dewar, is the detector array.
- BOTTLE FAILURE
- COLD SHIELD COATINGS
- COOLER CAPACITY EQUATION
- COOLING WITH SOLID CRYOGEN
- FAILURE PROBABILITIES FOR CRYOCOOLERS
- JOULE–THOMSON CLOGGING
- JOULE–THOMSON GAS BOTTLE WEIGHTS
- SINE RULE OF IMPROVED PERFORMANCE FROM COLD SHIELDS
- STIRLING COOLER EFFICIENCY
- TEMPERATURE LIMITS ON DETECTOR/DEWAR
- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MULTILAYER INSULATION
- CRYOCOOLER SIZING RULE
- RADIANT INPUT FROM DEWARS
-
6.
Detectors
- APD PERFORMANCE
- RESPONSIVITY OF AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES
- DEFINING BACKGROUND-LIMITED PERFORMANCE FOR DETECTORS
- DIGITIZER SIZING
- HGCDTE “X” CONCENTRATION
- MARTIN’S DETECTOR DC PEDESTAL
- NOISE BANDWIDTH OF DETECTORS
- NONUNIFORMITY EFFECTS ON SNR
- PEAK VERSUS CUTOFF
- PERFORMANCE DEPENDENCE ON R OA
- RESPONSIVITY AND QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
- SHOT NOISE RULE
- SPECIFYING 1/f NOISE
- WELL CAPACITY
- IR DETECTOR SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE
-
7.
Displays
- Displays are the electro-optical complement to detectors. They produce a photonic image to a human viewer based on an electrical input. A display transduces electronic signals into light. This conversion of electricity to light can occur in a phosphor, LEDs, plasma cells, liquid crystals, or electroluminescent cells as well as other devices. When made into a two-dimensional array, or utilizing a flying spot, a display is formed. Display technology goes hand in hand with sensor system development and, more commercially important, television technology. For a discussion of the history of television and rules relating to cameras, the reader is referred to Chap. 18, “Visible and Television Sensors.”
- ANALOG SQUARE PIXEL ASPECT RATIOS
- COMFORT IN VIEWING DISPLAYS
- COMMON SENSE FOR DISPLAYS
- CONTRAST
- GAMMA
- GRAY LEVELS FOR HUMAN OBSERVERS
- HORIZONTAL SWEEP
- KELL FACTOR
- NTSC DISPLAY ANALOG VIDEO FORMAT
- THE ROSE THRESHOLD
- WALD AND RICCO’S LAW FOR DISPLAY DETECTION
- DISPLAY LINES TO SPATIAL RESOLUTION
-
8.
The Human Eye
- CONE DENSITY OF THE HUMAN EYE
- DATA LATENCY FOR HUMAN PERCEPTION
- DYSCHROMATOPIC VISION
- ENERGY FLOW INTO THE EYE
- EYE MOTION DURING THE FORMATION OF AN IMAGE
- FREQUENCY AT WHICH SEQUENCES OF IMAGES APPEAR AS A SMOOTH FLOW
- EYE RESOLUTION
- LITTLE BITS OF EYE STUFF
- OLD-AGE RULES
- OPTICAL FIELDS OF VIEW
- PUPIL SIZE
- THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF CONES
- RETINAL ILLUMINATION
- ROD DENSITY PEAKS AROUND AN ECCENTRICITY OF 30°
- SIMPLIFIED OPTICS TRANSFER FUNCTIONS FOR THE COMPONENTS OF THE EYE
- STEREOGRAPH DISTANCE
- SUPERPOSITION OF COLORS
- VISION CREATING A FIELD OF VIEW
-
9.
Lasers
- Revolutions in optics are infrequent. Most of this discipline’s history has involved slow evolution in understanding and technological improvements. Lasers, however, have caused a revolution in several applications. First, they have provided impetus for advancements in many areas of EO. They provide unique diagnostic capabilities essential for producing high-quality systems, evaluating effluents from exhausts and aerosols, diagnosing optical defects in the human eye, and thousands of other applications. EO systems provide a high-quality, stable alignment reference source and allow lens and mirror quality testing using laser interferometry. They have led to the development of several applications that would be unthinkable using conventional light sources. Fields such as optical communications and active tracking would be impossible without the unique features of lasers. The spectral purity and compactness of lasers have allowed a number of medical advancements, including those used in eye surgery, elimination of damaged tissue (e.g., gall bladders), and cleaning of clogged arteries.
- APERTURE SIZE FOR LASER BEAMS
- ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION OF A 10.6-µM LASER
- CROSS SECTION OF A RETRO-REFLECTOR
- GAUSSIAN BEAM RADIUS RELATIONSHIPS
- INCREASED REQUIREMENT FOR RANGEFINDER SNR TO OVERCOME ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
- LASER BEAM DIVERGENCE
- LASER BEAM QUALITY
- LASER BEAM SCINTILLATION
- LASER BEAM SPREAD
- LASER BEAM SPREAD COMPARED WITH DIFFRACTION
- LASER BEAM WANDER VARIANCE
- LASER BRIGHTNESS
- LED VS. LASER RELIABILITY
- LIDAR PERFORMANCE
- ON-AXIS INTENSITY OF A BEAM
- PEAK INTENSITY OF A BEAM WITH INTERVENING ATMOSPHERE
- POINTING OF A BEAM OF LIGHT
- PULSE STRETCHING IN SCATTERING ENVIRONMENTS
- THERMAL FOCUSING IN ROD LASERS
-
10.
Material Properties
- The optical designer is constantly challenged to make a design accommodate the thermal, mechanical, and vibrational environment in which it must operate. A wide range of tools make this possible, but the design process is still an art. Ironically, as optical technology has advanced, the demands on the performance of the mechanical structure and mechanisms involved have become more and more difficult. It is now common to find requirements for space optical structures’ stability to be well below a micrometer. Without such precise management, the exquisite wavefront control demanded by today’s systems could not be met. Even ground telescopes must exhibit outstanding mechanical system performance. In both cases, the modern designer is blessed and cursed by the availability of sensing and actuation systems—blessed because they provide the last level of control of large optical systems and make their revolutionary performance possible, and cursed because the range of technologies now required to design such systems is beyond the capacity for any one person to understand. The modern, large optical system requires thoughtful input from a variety of skilled engineers, including structural, controls, materials, computer, mechanical, and optical engineers, and those associated with the specific operating environment.
- CAUCHY EQUATION
- DIAMETER-TO-THICKNESS (ASPECT) RATIO FOR MIRRORS
- DIP COATING
- DOME COLLAPSE PRESSURE
- FIGURE CHANGE OF METAL MIRRORS
- MASS IS PROPORTIONAL TO ELEMENT SIZE CUBED
- MECHANICAL STABILITY RULES
- MIRROR SUPPORT CRITERIA
- NATURAL FREQUENCY OF A DEFORMABLE MIRROR
- PRESSURE ON A PLANE WINDOW
- PROPERTIES OF FUSED SILICA
- SPIN-CAST MIRRORS
- 11. Miscellaneous
- 12. Ocean Optics
- 13. Optics
-
14.
Radiometry
- ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION ACCURACY
- BANDPASS OPTIMIZATION
- BLACKBODY OR PLANCK FUNCTION
- BRIGHTNESS OF COMMON SOURCES
- CALIBRATE UNDER USE CONDITIONS
- EFFECTIVE CAVITY EMISSIVITY
- THE MRT/NEΔT RELATIONSHIP
- THE ETENDUE OR OPTICAL INVARIANT RULE
- IDEAL NETD SIMPLIFICATION
- LABORATORY BLACKBODY ACCURACY
- LAMBERT’S LAW
- LOGARITHMIC BLACKBODY FUNCTION
- NARROWBAND APPROXIMATION TO PLANCK’S LAW
- THE PEAK WAVELENGTH OR WIEN DISPLACEMENT LAW
- PHOTONS-TO-WATTS CONVERSION
- QUICK TEST OF NEΔT
- THE RULE OF 4f/# 2
- 15. Shop Optics
-
16.
Systems
- BAFFLE ATTENUATION
- EXPECTED MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION
- BLIP LIMITING RULE
- DAWES LIMIT OF TELESCOPE RESOLUTION
- DIVIDE BY THE NUMBER OF VISITS
- GENERAL IMAGE QUALITY EQUATION
- GOOD FRINGE VISIBILITY
- LWIR DIFFRACTION LIMIT
- Reference
- OVERLAP REQUIREMENTS
- PACKAGING APERTURES IN GIMBALS
- PICK ANY TWO
- PROCEDURES TO REDUCE NARCISSUS EFFECTS
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOCAL LENGTH AND RESOLUTION
- SIMPLIFIED RANGE EQUATION
- SYSTEM OFF-AXIS REJECTION
- TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM
- TYPICAL VALUES OF EO SYSTEM PARAMETERS
- WIND LOADING ON A STRUCTURE
- LARGEST OPTICAL ELEMENT DRIVES THE MASS OF THE TELESCOPE
-
17.
Target Phenomenology
- BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
- CAUSES OF WHITE PIGMENT’S COLOR
- CHLOROPHYLL ABSORPTANCE
- EMISSIVITY APPROXIMATIONS
- THE HAGAN−RUBENS RELATIONSHIP FOR THE REFLECTIVITY OF METALS
- HUMAN BODY SIGNATURE
- IR SKIN CHARACTERISTICS
- JET PLUME PHENOMENOLOGY RULES
- LAMBERTIAN VS. SPECULAR
- LASER CROSS SECTION
- MORE PLUME RULES
- PLUME THRUST SCALING
- ROCKET PLUME RULES
- SOLAR REFLECTION ALWAYS ADDS TO SIGNATURE
- TEMPERATURE AS A FUNCTION OF AERODYNAMIC HEATING
-
A.
Visible and Television Sensors
- This chapter contains rules relating to sensor systems and detectors operating in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. This spectral slice has proven to be the technically easiest to implement (thanks to nature’s gifts of phosphors for displays and silicon for detectors), has provided the easiest images to interpret (thanks to our Sun peaking in the visible wavelengths and humans evolving their only imaging sense in this spectrum), and has been able to address the largest market (again, thanks to human familiarity with imaging in this spectrum).
- AIRY DISK DIAMETER APPROXIMATES f/# (FOR VISIBLE SYSTEMS)
- CCD SIZE
- CHARGE TRANSFER EFFICIENCY RULES
- CMOS DEPLETION SCALING
- CORRELATED DOUBLE SAMPLING
- DOMINATION OF SPURIOUS CHARGE FOR CCDS
- EQUIVALENT ISO SPEED OF A SENSOR
- HOBBS’ CCD NOISES
- IMAGE INTENSIFIER RESOLUTION
- INCREASE IN INTENSIFIER PHOTOCATHODE EBI WITH TEMPERATURE
- LOW-BACKGROUND NEQ APPROXIMATION
- MICROCHANNEL PLATE NOISE FIGURE AND NOISE FACTOR
- NOISE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
- NOISE EQUATIONS FOR CMOS APSS AND CCDS
- PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE POWER SUPPLY NOISE
- P-WELL CCDS ARE HARDER THAN N-TYPE
- RICHARDSON’S EQUATION FOR PHOTOCATHODE THERMIONIC CURRENT
- SILICON QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
- WILLIAMS’ LINES OF RESOLUTION PER MEGAHERTZ
-
A.
Tables of Useful Values and Conversions
-
B.
Glossary
-
C.
About the Authors
Book Details
Title: Photonics Rules of Thumb: Optics, Electro-Optics, Fiber Optics, and Lasers, Second Edition
Publisher: McGraw-Hill: New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto
Copyright / Pub. Date: 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ISBN: 9780071385190
Authors:
Ed Friedman earned a B.S. in physics at the University of Mary in 1966 and a Ph.D. in cryogenic
physics from Wayne State University in 1972. He started his career in the field of
ocean optics and subsequently developed system concepts for remote sensing of the
atmosphere and oceans. After completing studies related to the design of spacecraft
and instruments for the measurement of the radiation balance of the Earth, he was
appointed a visiting scientist in the climate program at the National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR). Subsequent employers included The Mitre Corporation, Martin Marietta
(where he met the co-author), Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation, and the
Boeing Company, where he currently serves as a Technical Fellow in the Lasers and
Electo-Optics Division.In the last ten years, he has concentrated on the development
of mission concepts and technologies for astrophysics and space science. While at
Ball, he was Chief Technologist of the Civil Space business unit. Recent areas of
interest include the use of space-based interferometers to create detailed maps of
stellar positions and the use of coronagraphic methods for detection of planets in
distant solar systems. In 2001, he was awarded a patent for a novel method of alignment
and phasing of large, deployed Earth-viewing optics. He has been a patent reviewer
for the journal Applied Optics and an editor for the journal Optical Engineering.
Dr. Friedman has published more than 10 peer-reviewed papers on remote sensing, diffractive
beam propagation, and ocean optics. Early in his career, he published a book and approximately
ten articles on electronics. While a visiting scientist at NCAR, he published five
articles on the role of remote sensing in detecting human influences on climate. He
is the coauthor of the two previous editions of this book. Ed recently retired after
two seasons as a member of the National Ski Patrol. He and his wife Judith Friedman
live in the mountains west of Boulder, Colorado.
John Lester Miller earned a B.S. in Physics at the University of Southern California in 1981, participated
in physics, math, and engineering graduate studies at Cal State Long Beach and the
University of Hawaii, then earned an M.B.A. from Regis University in 1989. He chairs
the SPIE session of advanced infrared technology, co-chairs the session on homeland
security, and referees papers for several electro-optical journals. He has held positions
as Chief Scientist, Director of Advanced Technologies, Program Director, Functional
Manager, Lead Engineer, and Electro-Optical Engineer with FLIR Systems (Portland,
Oregon), the Research Triangle Institute (Lake Oswego, OR), Martin Marietta/Lockheed
Martin (Denver, Colorado; Utica, New York; and Orlando, Florida), the University of
Hawaii’s NASA IRTF (Hilo, Hawaii), Rockwell International (Seal Beach, California),
Mt. Wilson and Palomar Observatories (Pasadena, California), and Griffith Observatory
(Los Angeles, California). While at Martin Marietta in Denver, he met Ed Friedman.
He has published more than 40 papers on optical sciences and is the author of Principles
of Infrared Technology and the co-author of the two previous editions of this book.
John has several patents pending in electro-optical technologies. His experience includes
leading integrated research, design, and marketing efforts on advanced security systems,
active imagers, infrared sensors, space sensors, helmet-mounted systems, scientific
instrumentation, homeland security surveillance systems, radiometric test facilities,
aviation enhanced vision systems, and environmental and weather monitoring sensors.
John is Vice President of Advanced Technology for FLIR Systems, Inc., in Portland,
Oregon. He and his wife, Corinne Foster, split their time between Lake Oswego and
Description: Quickly and easily estimate the impact of change with 300 proven photonics calculations! This book is updated with 100 completely new and improved rules and organized into 18 chapters that include lasers, detectors, optics of the atmosphere, and many more! Here is a handy compilation of 300 cost-saving, think-on-your-feet photonics rules of thumb designed to save you hours of design time and a world of frustration. Within seconds you can accurately gauge the impact of a suggested design change on your project. It is the premiere collection of these valuable rules in a single, quick look-up reference.These simple-to-implement calculations allow you to rapidly pinpoint trouble spots, ask the right questions at meetings, and are perfect for quick sanity checks of last-minute specifications or performance feature additions. Offering a convenient alphabetical arrangement according to specialty, this unique reference spans the entire spectrum of photonics, including: eighteen chapters covering optics, electro-optics, optics of the atmosphere, radiometry, technologies related to security and surveillance systems, lasers, and many others. If you want to develop a sense of what will work and what won’t and want the calculations to keep things real, "Photonics Rules of Thumb" belongs on your desk or in your pocket.
